In response, the US created SEATO, an alliance of anti-communist countries in Southeast Asia and plucked Ngo Dinh Diem out of a New Jersey seminary to head South Vietnam’s government.
Back at home the US Supreme Court
unanimously ruled that segregation was illegal. The Army-McCarthy Hearings were also held, after the notorious US
Senator accused
army officers of communist sympathies. But Tailgunner Joe had finally gone too far. Before
the end of the year a special Senate committee
recommended McCarthy’s censure. In the 1954 mid-term elections the Republicans
lost control of the Senate. The mood was tense, but there were signs of change.
In Chicago, Toward Freedom’s education and organizing mission was
taking shape. A first “booklet” was published in October 1954: “Colonialism and
the United States: Proposals for Charter Amendment,” on a series of proposed UN
changes covering Information Services, unions and federations, colonial empires
outside the UN, the moving of Indigenous Peoples, conscription for foreign
service, immigration, conciliation and mediation.
In 1955 Bill Lloyd initiated a new feature, “The Editor’s Column.” The
first installment suggested a survey of colonial areas to assess popular
reaction “to the idea of establishing time-tables for self-government or
independence.”
Timetables – something dictators and imperial powers tend to dislike.
Timetables – something dictators and imperial powers tend to dislike.
Lloyd’s practical argument was that having a date for independence
was just as important to “articulate, freedom-loving people in colonial areas
as it is for the banker to put a date on the promissory note he makes you sign
when loaning you money.”
In February he turned his attention to an upcoming Asian-African
conference, suggesting that if the US truly wanted to reduce polarization it
should abandon the “futile legalistic view of colonial affairs” and support
more UN authority in settling colonial conflicts in Kenya, North Africa, and
Malaya (Malaysia), which gained independence in 1957.
Kennedy and Algeria
The struggles that TF
chronicled in those years were often ignored by the mainstream press. But Sen. John
F. Kennedy was a reader and personally praised its coverage of the Algerian revolution. Kennedy also noticed when Bill
Lloyd pressed the State Department and NATO about the involvement of US
warplanes in Algeria.
By 1955 the French had sent in at least 100,000 troops. A million
French settlers owned the best land, TF noted, and had “an equal vote in the
Algerian Assembly with representatives of 9 million Arabs.” Readers were urged
to contact their elected leaders before the crisis “develops into another
Indochina situation.” It was a clear call to action.
The Air Force initially denied the involvement of US planes, but
TF pressed and eventually obtained the admission
that, yes, US planes had dropping French paratroopers over Algeria. They
described it as “a NATO exercise.” TF’s July 1955 cover story carried the bold
headline:
U.S.
HELPS FRENCH FIGHT ALGERIAN NATIONALISTS
In the editor’s corner, Lloyd attacked US “toadying to
colonialism,” pointing out the hypocrisy of a US Congress resolution supporting
self-determination on the same day that President Eisenhower sent helicopters
to “put down the Algerian nationalists.” He also acknowledged French criticism
that anti-colonialism could be a “self-righteous mark for commercial and
financial penetration. The difficulty points inescapably to the need for United
Nations rather than unilateral American conciliation or mediation.”
Two years later, on July 2, 1957, Kennedy introduced Res. 153,
which called for an international effort to find “an orderly achievement of
independence” for Algeria. TF devoted an editorial column that summer to an
“eloquent plea for peace” by the senator.
A Voice
for New Nations
Toward Freedom was literally the only US publication to
provide advance reporting on the historic Bandung Conference, the event that
launched the non-aligned movement. It also published the first eyewitness
account after the meeting.
In April 1955, the leaders of 29 Asian and African nations
gathered in an Indonesian mountain city and served notice to the world. They
wanted a voice in regional and world policy decisions. Bill Lloyd and the TF
group immediately recognized the historic nature of this event. In fact, the
publication had announced the possibility a year in advance.
Homer Jack attended and rushed a first, on-the spot report for the May issue.
Soon afterward, TF published Jack’s widely praised longer report as a pamphlet.
The first edition sold out in a month.
For the next four decades Toward
Freedom chronicled the non-aligned movement’s progress and setbacks. LLoyd called
the Bandung conference “the first general
conclave of Asian and African nations in history, and also the most widely
representative meeting yet to be called by leaders independent of both sides in
the world cold war.”
The world changed radically during his editorial tenure, but Bill also
remained committed to the concept of world federalism. Just as a small Swiss
canton had taken the lead in creating that country’s federalist system, he felt
that new nations could play an important role in the birth of a
post-nationalist world order.
On the Road Toward Freedom: A Cold War Story, part two of six.
Next: From Restitution to Atomic Colonialism
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